4 research outputs found
Clinical Text Summarization: Adapting Large Language Models Can Outperform Human Experts
Sifting through vast textual data and summarizing key information imposes a
substantial burden on how clinicians allocate their time. Although large
language models (LLMs) have shown immense promise in natural language
processing (NLP) tasks, their efficacy across diverse clinical summarization
tasks has not yet been rigorously examined. In this work, we employ domain
adaptation methods on eight LLMs, spanning six datasets and four distinct
summarization tasks: radiology reports, patient questions, progress notes, and
doctor-patient dialogue. Our thorough quantitative assessment reveals
trade-offs between models and adaptation methods in addition to instances where
recent advances in LLMs may not lead to improved results. Further, in a
clinical reader study with six physicians, we depict that summaries from the
best adapted LLM are preferable to human summaries in terms of completeness and
correctness. Our ensuing qualitative analysis delineates mutual challenges
faced by both LLMs and human experts. Lastly, we correlate traditional
quantitative NLP metrics with reader study scores to enhance our understanding
of how these metrics align with physician preferences. Our research marks the
first evidence of LLMs outperforming human experts in clinical text
summarization across multiple tasks. This implies that integrating LLMs into
clinical workflows could alleviate documentation burden, empowering clinicians
to focus more on personalized patient care and other irreplaceable human
aspects of medicine.Comment: 23 pages, 22 figure
Scalable Indium Phosphide Thin-Film Nanophotonics Platform for Photovoltaic and Photoelectrochemical Devices
Recent developments
in nanophotonics have provided a clear roadmap
for improving the efficiency of photonic devices through control over
absorption and emission of devices. These advances could prove transformative
for a wide variety of devices, such as photovoltaics, photoelectrochemical
devices, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. However, it is
often challenging to physically create the nanophotonic designs required
to engineer the optical properties of devices. Here, we present a
platform based on crystalline indium phosphide that enables thin-film
nanophotonic structures with physical morphologies that are impossible
to achieve through conventional state-of-the-art material growth techniques.
Here, nanostructured InP thin films have been demonstrated on non-epitaxial
alumina inverted nanocone (i-cone) substrates <i>via</i> a low-cost and scalable thin-film vapor–liquid–solid
growth technique. In this process, indium films are first evaporated
onto the i-cone structures in the desired morphology, followed by
a high-temperature step that causes a phase transformation of the
indium into indium phosphide, preserving the original morphology of
the deposited indium. Through this approach, a wide variety of nanostructured
film morphologies are accessible using only control over evaporation
process variables. Critically, the as-grown nanotextured InP thin
films demonstrate excellent optoelectronic properties, suggesting
this platform is promising for future high-performance nanophotonic
devices
Confined Liquid-Phase Growth of Crystalline Compound Semiconductors on Any Substrate
The growth of crystalline
compound semiconductors on amorphous
and non-epitaxial substrates is a fundamental challenge for state-of-the-art
thin-film epitaxial growth techniques. Direct growth of materials
on technologically relevant amorphous surfaces, such as nitrides or
oxides results in nanocrystalline thin films or nanowire-type structures,
preventing growth and integration of high-performance devices and
circuits on these surfaces. Here, we show crystalline compound semiconductors
grown directly on technologically relevant amorphous and non-epitaxial
substrates in geometries compatible with standard microfabrication
technology. Furthermore, by removing the traditional epitaxial constraint,
we demonstrate an <i>atomically sharp lateral heterojunction</i> between indium phosphide and tin phosphide, two materials with vastly
different crystal structures, a structure that cannot be grown with
standard vapor-phase growth approaches. Critically, this approach
enables the growth and manufacturing of crystalline materials without
requiring a nearly lattice-matched substrate, potentially impacting
a wide range of fields, including electronics, photonics, and energy
devices